E
When different species of birds flock (聚集) together, their flight formations are determined by social dynamics both between and within species.
New research from the Universities of Cambridge and Exeter reveals for the first time that, contrary to current models used to explain the movement of flocks, the differences between bird species and social relationships between individuals play a critical role in determining the dynamics of mixed-species flocks.
The unified(群集) behaviour of bird flocks has puzzled scientists for hundreds of years. One naturalist from the turn of the century even suggested telepathy(心灵感应)may be involved. There have since been more logical explanations, including mathematical models that show that repeated interactions among individuals following simple rules can generate coordinated (协同的)group movements. However, these models usually rely on the assumption that individuals within groups are identical and interact independently, which may not reflect reality.
Jolle Jolles, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge's Department of Zoology and author of the paper, said：“Spectacular collective behaviour can be found in a large range of animal species, and we now know that often these complex coordinated group movements may be the result of individuals following simple rules. However, rarely are the individual characteristics and social relationships within them taken into account. Our research highlights that these striking displays of group behaviour are much more complex.”
By analysing high-resolution photographs of mixed flocks of rooks and jackdaws (both from the corvid family), the researchers found that rather than individuals interacting in a consistent fashion throughout the flock, interactions depended on social dynamics between the different species as well as relationships within a species.
The researchers discovered that birds prefer to fly close to members of their own species, and that the larger and more dominant rooks take the lead by flying near the front of flocks. Additionally, the lifelong, monogamous(一妻一夫制的)pair bonds that are characteristic of both species seem to be reflected in flight, as birds often fly particularly close to a single, same-species partner.
Dr Alex Thornton, principal investigator of the Cambridge Jackdaw Project, now at the University of Exeter and author of the paper, said: “Together, our findings demonstrate that to understand the structure of groups — such as bird flocks — we need to consider the characteristics and relationships of the individuals within them.”
67.The underlined word “generate” means ______.
A. set down            B. take away C. bring about             D. give up
68. According to Jolle Jolles, what are seldom considered about coordinated group movement?
A. Individual characteristics and social relationship between them
B. Repeated interactions among individuals and social dynamics
C. Telepathy and social relationship between them
D. The structure of groups and the varieties of species
69. Birds may prefer to fly the closest to _____ .
A. the largest one B. the most dynamic one
C. the lifelong partner D. the friendly partner
70. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. How birds interact in simple rules.
B. How birds of different feathers flock together.
C. Why birds show preference to flocking.
D. Why birds display the characteristics.

第四部分：书面表达（共两节，满分50分）
第一节：完成句子（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）
阅读下列各小题，根据汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子，并将答案写在答题卡上的相应题号后。
71. I wonder if it is because she has got tired of doing the same work day after day ______________________ a change. (eager)
我在想是不是因为她厌倦了日复一日的工作，她才渴望做一下改变。
72. It was the first time since 1938 that Brazil______________________ a World Cup semi-final. (lose)
这是自1938年以来，巴西第一次输掉了世界杯的半决赛。
73. One of the features of London is the number of big stores, ______________________ in or near the West End. (locate)  
伦敦的特征之一就是大商店的数目，这些大商店大多数位于或靠近西端。
74._____________________ should remember to turn off the light. (leave)
不论是谁最后离开房间，都应该记得去关灯。
75.I like to listen to the programs of VOA, but sometimes, especially in the daytime, they _____________________. (pick)  
我喜欢听美国之音的节目，但有时候，尤其是白天，很难收听到节目。
76.Life is unpredictable; even the poorest_____________________. (become)
生活是不可预料的，即使是最贫穷的人也可能成为最富有的人。
77. In a way, _____________________the result shows that she has made much effort and is thirsty for success. (upset)
从某种角度看，对结果的忧虑不安表明她付出了许多努力，对成功很渴望。
78. So _____________________ work that he is awarded the best worker in his company. (bury)
他是如此专心于他的工作以致于他被誉为公司最佳员工。
79. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth_____________________ every year. (wash)
随着更多的森林被毁坏，每年有大量的好土地正被冲走。 
80. He did not come to beg me to excuse his rude manner as I hoped he would, but instead acted as if _____________________. (happen) 
他没像我希望的那样来乞求我原谅他的粗鲁行为,却表现得好像什么也没发生过。

第二节: 短文写作（共1题；满分30分）
请你根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。
Whatever the situation, the best advice is to obey the Golden Rule： treat others as you would like to be treated. 
注意: ①无须写标题；
②除诗歌外，文体不限；  
③内容必须结合你生活中的一个事例； 
④文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
⑤词数不少于120，如引用提示语则不计入总词数。
英语学习  http://www.yggk.net/english/